The Company recorded a provision (benefit) for income taxes as follows (in thousands):

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was enacted in the U.S. The OBBBA includes significant tax provisions, such as the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, modifications to the international tax framework and the restoration of favorable tax treatment for certain business provisions. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others becoming effective in subsequent years. The OBBBA includes several provisions that impact the timing and magnitude of certain tax deductions, including restoring 100% bonus depreciation for qualifying property, increasing the business interest limitation and the immediate expensing of domestic research and development costs. The Company has applied the provisions of OBBBA to its financial results and position following its effective date, and will continue to assess potential impacts to its financial position, results of operations and cash flows as additional guidance is issued by the U.S. Treasury Department, the IRS and other standard-setting authorities.

A reconciliation of the differences between the United States statutory federal income tax rate and the effective tax rate, as provided in the consolidated statements of operations, is as follows for the year ended December 31, 2025 (dollars in thousands):

A reconciliation of the differences between the United States statutory federal income tax rate and the effective tax rate as provided in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

Deferred income taxes are provided using the asset and liability method to reflect temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities using presently enacted tax rates and laws. The components of deferred income taxes included in the consolidated balance sheets were as follows (in thousands):

A portion of the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards is subject to provisions of the tax law that limit the use of losses incurred by a corporation prior to the date certain ownership changes occur. These limitations also apply to certain depreciation deductions associated with assets on hand at the time of the ownership change and otherwise allowable during the five-year period following the ownership change. As the five-year limitation period lapsed in 2019, these disallowed deductions are reflected in property and equipment in the schedule above but continue to be subject to the annual limitation that applies to the pre-change net operating losses. Due to the limitation on the use of net operating losses and depreciation deductions, a significant portion of these carryforwards will expire regardless of whether the Company generates future taxable income. After reducing these net operating loss carryforwards for the amount which will expire due to this limitation, the Company had remaining federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $222,046,000 and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $256,045,000 at December 31, 2025. These net operating loss carryforwards expire as follows (in thousands):

Approximately $130,291,000 is available to utilize against federal taxable income for 2026.

In assessing whether the deferred tax assets are realizable, a more likely than not standard is applied. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance must be established against the deferred tax assets. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which the associated temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.

A valuation allowance was established in the amount of $82,606,000 and $110,687,000 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, based on the Company’s assessment of the future realizability of certain deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance on deferred tax assets is related to future deductible temporary differences and net operating loss carryforwards for which the Company has concluded it is more likely than not that these items will not be realized in the ordinary course of operations.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recorded a decrease in valuation allowance of $28,081,000. This was primarily related to current year usage of net operating losses and expiration of capital loss tax assets. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded an increase in valuation allowance of $17,181,000. This was primarily related to additional net operating losses accumulated for the year. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an increase in valuation allowance of $5,557,000. This was primarily related to additional net operating losses accumulated for the year.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

A reconciliation of the beginning balance and the ending balance of gross unrecognized tax benefits, before interest and penalties, for the period presented is as follows (in thousands):

The Company recorded unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions of approximately $0 and $739,000 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, of which $739,000 impacted the effective tax rate as it was reversed.

The Company is subject to income tax in the United States federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions and has identified its federal tax return and tax returns in state jurisdictions below as “major” tax filings. These jurisdictions, along with the years still open to audit under the applicable statutes of limitation, are as follows:

However, because the Company had net operating losses and credits carried forward in several of the jurisdictions, including the United States federal and California jurisdictions, certain items attributable to closed tax years are still subject to adjustment by applicable taxing authorities through an adjustment to tax attributes carried forward to open years.